Kingdom Protista

• Describe:
• Three different groups: animal like, fungi like, and plant like
• Physically small, but very diverse
• characteristics of both plants and animals
• Body Plan:
• Animal like Cell
• Eukaryote--unicellular
• Plant like Cell
• Eukaryotes--uni- and multi- cellular
• Fungus like Cell
•  Eukaryotes uni- and multi- cellular
• Divergent Event:
• Scientists believe that protists came from symbiosis- where one organism lives in another
• small prokaryotes in large prokaryotes evolved into protists
• Some organelles in protists strongly resemble prokaryotes
• Metabolism:
• animal like: heterotrophs
• plant like: autotrophs
• fungi like: heterotrophs
• Digestion:
• animal like- intracellular
• Circulation:
• None
• Respiration:
• None
• Nervous:
• None
• Reproduction:
• Animal like: asexual or sexual
• plant like: asexual or sexual
• fungi like: asexual
• Examples:
• Amoeba
• Paramecium

Phylum Ciliophora

• Describe - name based on their method of locomotion: they swim with cilia.  Ciliophora are heterotrophic organisms. Some species prey on bacteria, while others eat algae, other Ciliophora, or detritus. reproduce sexually or asexually. Asexual reproduction by fission is the most common. Genetic exchange during sexual reproduction involves the micronucleus
• Type of Protist- fungi like
• Examples
• Spirostomum minus

• Zoothamnium pararbuscula

Phylum Zoomatiginia

• Describe - Called Zooflagellates because have one or more whiplike flagella to move
• Type of protist - unknown
• Examples 
•  Giardia

• Leishmania

Phylum Chlorophyta

• Describe – The division contains both unicellular and multicellular species but there are some multicelluar species. Some are free-living, some are colonial, others are coenocytic. Glucosamine is the main component of cells walls in Chlorophyta
• Type of protist – plant-like
•  Examples -
• Diplomonads 

• Parabasalids

•  Euglenoids

 

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi

• Describe:
• decomposers that do not photosynthesize
• usually born of spores that lay in ground
• found in damp areas
• never have flagella, move by growing towards food source
• store energy as glycogen
• cell walls that contain chitin
• Body Plan:
• Both unicellular and multicellular
• Unicellular ex: Yeast
• Multicellular ex: Mushrooms
• Divergent Event:
• Early fungi thought to have originated from traveling spores from aquatic plants in early oceans onto land.
• No specific event identified
• Fungi kingdom and animal kingdom are closely related.
• Metabolism:
• chemoheterotrophic - require preformed organic compounds as energy
• Fungi usually get their energy by decomposing dead matter found in the soil.
• They do this by breaking down the nutrients
• Digestion:
• extracellular
• By secreting enzymes, they breakdown their food before absorbing the nutrients extracted into their body
• Circulation:
• No heart
• No blood vessels
• circulatory system made up of masses of connecting hyphae
• Hyphae - long, branching filamentous cells surrounded by tubular cell walls
• hyphae grow at the tips and expand into the nutrients the fungi is decomposing
• The hyphae assist in nutrient exchange and in nutrient and water absorption
• The hyphae make up the circulatory system of fungi, they are the cells that transport nutrients throughout the organism
• Respiration:
• do not have gills, or book lungs, or conventional ‘lungs’
• Nervous:
• None
• Reproduction:
• both sexually and asexually though some seem to only reproduce asexually
• Sexually - yeast
• Asexually - ascomycetes
• Examples:
• Yeast
• Mold

Phylum Dueteromycota 

• Describe - do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi. Their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed; hence the name "imperfect fungi." Only their asexual form of reproduction is known, meaning that this group of fungus produces their spores asexually.
• Commercial importance - Fungi producing the antibiotic penicillin and those that cause athlete's foot and yeast infections are imperfect fungi. a number of edible imperfect fungi, including the ones that provide the distinctive characteristics of Roquefort and Camembert cheese
• Examples 
•  Aspergillus

           

• Penicillium 

Phylum Zygomycota



• Describe - mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. asexual reproduction is the most common form of reproduction however sexual reproduction can occur.
• Commercial Importance  - Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants
• Examples - black bread mold