Kingdom Animalia

• Describe:
• Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls.
• Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives.
• Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.
• Body Plan:
• multicellular
• Divergent Event:
• it is believed animal kingdom diverged from fungi kingdom
• Metabolism:
• heterotrophic
• Digestion:
• both intracellular and extracellular
•  For example, in the phylum Porifora -which contains animals like sponges - uses intracellular digestion. This is when food is digested in each individual cell.
•  Other more complex animal use extracellular digestion. This is when nutrients are digested in other digestive cavities then distributed throughout the body.
• Circulation:
• both closed and open
•  Mollusks have an open circulatory system, though some do have a closed system.
• the phylum Annelid, has a closed system, where the aortic valve arches to replace the heart.
• Respiration:
• cellular respiration; gills book lung and lungs 
• Nervous:
•  Most animals have a central nervous system
•  a brain which is attached to the rest of the body through a spinal cord
• Reproduction:
• sexually and asexually
• asexually - komodo dragons
• sexually - rabbits
• Examples:
• eagles
• dogs
• squirrels

Phylum Porifera

• Describe
• No definite symmetry. Cells and tissues surround a water filled space but there is no true body cavity.
• Body multicellular, few tissues, no organs.
• All are sessile, (live attached to something as an adult).
• Reproduce sexually or asexually, sexual reproduction can be either gonochoristic or hermaphroditic.
• Has no nervous system.
• Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic.
• Lives in aquatic environments, mostly marine.
• All are filter feeders.
• Often have a skeleton of spicules.
• Examples
• Ephydatia fluviatilis

Phylum Annelida

•  Describe -
• Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform
• Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs
• Body cavity is a true coelom, often divided by internal septa
• Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus
• Body possesses 3 separate sections, a prosomium, a trunk and a pygidium
• Has a nervous system with an anterior nerve ring, ganglia and a ventral nerve chord
• Has a true closed circulatory system
• Has no true respiratory organs
• Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic or hermaphoditic
• Feed a wide range of material
• Live in most environments
• Examples -
• Chaetogaster annandale -smallest Annelid known to science is which is full grown at 0.5 mm (0.02 ins)

Phylum Mollusca 

• Describe -
• Bilaterally symmetrical.
• Body has more than two cell layers, tissues and organs.
• Body without cavity.
• Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.
• Body monomeric and highly variable in form, may possess a dorsal or lateral shells of protein and calcareous spicules.
• Has a nervous system with a circum-oesophagal ring, ganglia and paired nerve chords.
• Has an open circulatory system with a heart and an aorta.
• Has gaseous exchange organs called ctenidial gills.
• Has a pair of kidneys.
• Reproduction normally sexual and gonochoristic.
• Feed a wide range of material.
• Live in most environments.
• Example
• scallops

• snails

 Phylum Chordata

Subphylum Vertebrata

• Describe -
• possession of a set of vertebrae
• skin is normally comprised of two sections; the outer epidermis which is secreted by the ectoderm and an inner endodermis which is secreted by the mesoderm.,
• normally have a closed circulatory system (veins and arteries) with a heart of 2,3, or 4 chambers
• most, if not all vertebrates have an endocrine system
• a complicated nervous system
• separate sexes 
• complete digestive system with well developed associated glands such as the liver and pancreas ventral to the spinal column and with a separate mouth and anus

Class Myxini

• Describe 
• Hagfishes look like eels and are about 18–30 inches (46–76 centimeters) long
• skeleton is made up of cartilage , or tough, bendable tissue, rather than bone.
• no fins or scales—flat, rigid plates that act as body covering.
• They do not have jaws but have two raspy, or rough, biting plates.
• The mouth is an oval slit surrounded by four barbels , which are long, thin feelers used for finding food.
• The single nostril is surrounded by another set of barbels. The eyes are two dents on the top of the head that are covered by skin, and the fishes probably cannot see with them.
• Hagfishes have six to ten pairs of gills, or breathing organs, which may open directly to the outside or join to form one gill opening.
• The color of hagfishes ranges from reddish brown to grayish pink.
• Hagfishes have about 100 to 150 slime glands along the sides of their bodies. Defense - themselves by producing slime.
• live in large groups on the ocean floor.
• Reproductive patterns are unknown. Fertilization is probably external.
• Example -
• Sixgill hagfish
• 

Class Cephalospidomorphi

• Describe -
• jawless fish, whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth.
• Found in most temperate regions except those in Africa.
• Adults physically resemble eels, in that they have no scales, and can range anywhere from 13 to 100 centimetres (5 to 40 inches) long.
• unique morphological characteristics of lampreys, such as their cartilaginous skeleton
• Example 
•  sea lampreys

  

Class Chondricthyes

• Describe -
•  jawed fish with paired fins, paired nares, scales
• two-chambered hearts
• skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone
• Example  -
• great white shark

Class Osteichthyes

• Describe -
• characterized by a relatively stable pattern of cranial bones, rooted teeth, and medial insertion of mandibular muscle in lower jaw
• The head and pectoral girdles are covered with large dermal bones
• The eyeball is supported by a sclerotic ring of four small bones, but this characteristic is missing or modified in many modern species
• Example - 
• catfishes

Class Amphibia

• Describe -
• cold-blooded or ectothermic animals
• start their life cycle underwater and move to land on the onset of their adulthood
• Generally carnivorous; while in water, consume a wide variety of fish, small reptiles, crustaceans and other amphibians
• most amphibians breed in freshwater, there are some species that breed in moist places , ex: burrows in the ground and among leaf litter or in wild habitats
• Examples
• salamander

Class Reptilia

• Describe -   
• A tough, dry, scaly skin that is heavily keratinized
• Keratin- a resistant protein found in the epidermis of amniotes
• protective and prevents water loss across body surfaces
• Human hair and nails are made of keratin
• Few cutaneous (skin) glands are present
• The body is covered and protected by scales and scutes
• A strong, sturdy skeleton with a well-developed rib cage
• Large well-developed lungs
• Example –
• alligator



Class Aves

• Describe -
• highly adapted for flight although many species have lost the powers of flight
• They have scaly legs and feathers (which are specialized scales)
• They are toothless animals, but have a beak
• Example –
• hummingbird

Class Mammalia

• Describe-
• characterized by the possession of hair, three middle ear bones, a neocortex, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young
• Most posses sweat glands and specialized teeth
• Example –
• cat